Which muscles are responsible for scapular retraction?

Scapular retraction is primarily accomplished by the rhomboids and the middle trapezius. The rhomboids, consisting of the rhomboid major and minor, originate from the vertebral column and insert on the medial border of the scapula, pulling the scapula towards the spine. This action effectively retracts the scapula. The middle trapezius also contributes to this motion, as it runs transversely across the upper back and is responsible for pulling the scapulae together.

In contrast, the other muscle groups mentioned do not primarily focus on retraction. The lower and upper trapezius have different functions, such as upward rotation and elevation, while the pectoralis minor and serratus anterior are primarily involved in scapular protraction. Similarly, the levator scapulae is more involved in elevation and downward rotation rather than retraction.

Thus, the combination of the rhomboids and middle trapezius is essential for the effective action of scapular retraction. This understanding is crucial in contexts such as rehabilitation and strength training, where balanced scapular movement is necessary for shoulder health and function.